graduation

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110016814000921

fabrics provide benefits such as excellent anchorage and bond development [6]. Peled and Mobasher [6] found that the flexural strength of cement-based composite products with low-modulus polyethylene (PE) fabrics is almost two times higher than the strength of composites reinforced with straight continuous polyethylene yarns.

Conclusion
Presented results of the investigations on the effect of fabric–cement composites; used with different types of the fabric structure, gave the answer to the question of to which degree the fabric design affects the tensile and bending strength of such composite. Addition of the different types of fabric materials causes changes in strength properties, apart from bending properties, which are of major importance for a success of fabric–cement composites.

The investigations have made it possible to prove that;
1.
The value of tensile and bending strength depends on the fabric tensile properties and its structure, specifically the fabric tightness. The higher is the fabric specific tightness the lower will be the tensile strength of fabric–cement composite.

2.
Comparison between the different fabrics made of HTPET, PP, and cotton indicates that higher the tensile strength value of HTPET fabric has more effectiveness on increasing the tensile and bending properties of fabric–cement composites.

3.
Preference is given to the use of one fabric layer for the formation of fabric–cement composite with higher tensile properties and lower fabric tightness.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884606001359

The results of this study indicate that the production processes for fabric–cement composites should be coordinated with the fabric structure and its yarn to optimize bond efficiency.

2.
When using multifilament bundles connected in a weft insertion warp knitted fabric or woven fabric as studied here, an intensive processing technique is needed to open up the spaces between the filaments for impregnation. The pultrusion process is effective in doing so, resulting in a stronger bond and better utilization of the filaments to maximize their efficiency.

3.
For fabrics composed of bundles of coated yarns, the pultrusion process offers no advantage from a mechanical point of view because no fiber interstitial spaces are available for impregnation. Thus, casting and pultrusion result in similar pullout behavior.

4.
For a single multifilament bundle in which the filaments are kept open with no tightening effect induced by the fabric structure, the pultrusion process offers no advantage in filling the bundle filaments, as these filaments can be efficiently filled without intensive processing.

5.
Vacuum procedure leads to a denser and stiffer matrix and therefore benefits the fabric–matrix interfacial zone improving the bond with single or coated bundle. Penetration of such stiff matrix between bundle filaments of a fabric, however, is reduced, decreasing the overall advantages of such systems with fabric reinforcement.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008884600002398

On the other hand, in the actual fabric the relation between the bond and the yarn modulus of elasticity is different from that of the single yarn (Table 4). In the fabric, no clear correlation between bond and modulus of elasticity could be established. In the high modulus yarns, the bond in the fabric was significantly lower than the bond of single yarns, whereas in the low modulus yarns, the two were either similar or the bond in the fabric was even higher. This difference in the trends is probably not associated with the modulus of the yarns but rather with other factors such as the geometry of the yarn: the high modulus yarns were in the form of bundles with a large number of filaments (Table 1: 325 and 900 filaments for the high modulus yarns, vs. 1 or 100 filaments for the low modulus yarns) resulting in less efficient consolidation of the matrix around them when the composite was produced from fabrics.

It is quite clear that twisting of the bundle improved the bonding considerably. This bond improvement was supported by micro-structural characterization using SEM. Fig. 6 shows the grooves of the straight and the twisted yarns in the matrix after the pull-out test. As can be seen, the twisted fibrils remained in the groove after the pull-out (Fig. 6a), which is indicative of an intimate bonding and perhaps, some anchoring effect. With the straight yarns, the fibrils separated completely from the groove and none were seen to remain there (Fig. 6b). Twisting together of two separate twisted yarns did not enhance the bonding significantly compared to a single twisted yarn (Fig. 5).

The bonding in the actual fabric is different from that of the individual yarns (Table 6, Fig. 8). For all the weft insertion knitted fabrics, the bond in the fabric is lower than that of the individual yarn. The decrease in the bond is in the range of 20% to 85%, with the higher decrease tending to occur in the bundled yarns with a larger number of filaments. This decrease can readily be explained by limited compaction of the matrix around the bundle, which is interfered with by the stitches. The stitches may also tie the filaments in bundles and drastically reduce the penetrability of the cement matrix between the filaments in the bundle.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/13/3742

Both composites were subjected to an accelerated aging process that primarily affected the energy absorption of the materials. Nonetheless, the toughness and stiffness of the aged TRM were greater (three times) than the aged FRM.

file:///C:/Users/furka/Downloads/103-Article%20Text%20(Original%20Manuscript,%20Revised%20Version)-425-1-10-20200310%20(1).pdf

From the laboratory investigations of compressive strength of concrete cubes cast with different dosages of textile waste following points are concluded.
(a) Maximum slump in proposed concrete is observed equal to 12 mm. It shows that the water demand of the concrete with textile waste is more, without which workability is affected and more effort will be required for proper compaction.
(b) Increasing dose of textile waste result in reduced Unit weight (density) of the resulting concrete.
(c) Compressive strength of proposed concrete increases with increase in dosage of textile waste up to 0.7% for 14-day cured concrete and 0.6% for 28-day cured specimens.
(d) As, 28-day curing is treated as standard time of curing therefore, optimum dosage of the textile waste is 0.6%.
(e) At optimum dosage 11.7% increase in the compressive strength of concrete with textile waste is recorded in comparison to conventional concrete.
(f) Based on the experimental study carried and the results achieved, it is recommended that the textile waste may be used as fibers in concrete.However, the dosage of the used textile waste may be optimized at 0.6% by the total volume of concrete.

http://www.eemj.icpm.tuiasi.ro/pdfs/vol17/full/no8/10_546_Monteiro_13.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132309002649?via%3Dihub

We conducted this study to identify the scope and sources of GHG emissions in building construction, which are manufacture and transportation of building materials, energy consuming of construction equipment, energy consuming for processing resources and disposing construction waste. For calculation, we divided these four sources into six parts, and then established the calculation method of each part.

By analyzing the results of GHG emissions in construction of the practical case, One Peking, we found that almost 98.6–99.2% of the total GHG emissions in building construction come from manufacture and transportation of building materials and energy consumption of construction equipment, wherein 81.6–86.7% are from the embodied GHG emissions of building materials, 6.1–8.4% are from the transportation for building materials, and 6.4–8.6% are due to the energy consumption of construction equipment. The result indicates that, by using recyclable building materials, transporting building materials by sea, and adopting energy-saving construction technology, we can reduce GHG emissions in building construction to a significant degree.

Furthermore, by comparing of GHG emissions from manufacture of virgin reinforced steel and aluminum and those from manufacture of recycled reinforced steel and aluminum in One Peking, we found that, embodied GHG emissions of concrete and reinforced steel account for 93.99–95.11% of those of all building materials; and using recycled building materials, especially reinforced steel, would decrease the GHG emissions by a considerable amount.

Finally, from the result of monthly GHG emissions in the construction of One Peking, we found that GHG emissions both in the beginning and in the ending several months are much smaller than that in the middle months, which confirms our expectations.

Additionally, further research would be conducted on the GHG emissions calculation for other stages of the case building-One Peking, such as operation, maintenance and demolition, which could be a meaningful comparison with the results in this paper.